What Are Solar Panels Made Of? A Closer Look at Solar Panel Materials and Composition

In principle, solar panels seem simple. Everyone understands that the sun gives off huge amounts of energy–so how hard can it be to create a glass surface that captures sunlight and converts the sun’s energy into usable electricity? Well, it’s easier said than done. 

Beneath the surface of every solar panel there is a carefully engineered system. If you’ve ever wondered, “What are solar panels made of?” you’re not alone—a closer look reveals a fascinating blend of advanced materials and purposeful design. 

In this post, we break it all down to help you understand the science and engineering behind the magic of solar energy systems. 

A Quick Guide to Solar Panel Components

A solar panel isn’t just a single piece; it’s a multi-layered assembly. If you think of a solar panel as a system, every layer is like a team member that must do its part for maximum power output. Although solar panel manufacturing techniques vary, the primary components in any solar panel are:

• Solar Cells
• Glass Layer
• Encapsulant
• Backsheet
• Frame
• Junction Box
• Wiring

Solar Cells

The core of any solar panel is the solar cell; this is where sunlight gets converted into electricity. Within the category of photovoltaics, there are two main subcategories: monocrystalline solar panels or polycrystalline solar panels.

Monocrystalline solar cells have a dark, uniform appearance and are formed from a single crystal of silicon. Polycrystalline solar cells are the result of melting several silicon crystals together. You can distinguish this type at a glance by their blue hue. 

Tempered Glass Covers

A solar panel’s top layer is made of tempered glass; this glass casing is low-iron and anti-reflective to optimize light absorption while shielding the cells from debris and harsh weather. Imagine leaving any glass-covered device outside year-round—only tempered glass can withstand that level of exposure.

The anti-reflective coating on the glass further improves the panel’s efficiency by preventing unnecessary light loss. By minimizing glare, more sunlight reaches the PV cells below.

Encapsulation Layers

To protect the delicate solar cells, solar panel manufacturers use a material called EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate). A thin layer sandwiches the cells, sealing them from moisture and physical damage while allowing light to pass through. Think of it as a kind of "bubble wrap" that also lets light energy in. 

Backsheet

On the back of a solar panel, a layer called the backsheet acts as a final barrier against moisture and other contaminants. Common materials for backsheets include Tedlar-PET-Tedlar (TPT) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). This layer also protects against potential electrical hazards.

Mounting Frames

Any solar panel system needs sturdy frames. Most frames are made from anodized aluminum alloy, which is both lightweight and resistant to corrosion. These frames provide the rigidity to make sure that panel installation can withstand winds and various mounting conditions.

Frames also make installation easier, providing edges for mounting clamps or bolts to securely fasten the panel to rooftops, ground mounts, or tracking systems. Without a reliable frame, solar panels would have a hard time withstanding the elements year after year.

Junction Box and Wiring

On the back of each panel, the junction box is the nerve center for electrical connections within the panel. Diodes prevent power loss due to shading—if part of a panel is shaded, the diodes direct the current away from the shaded section, ensuring the panel continues producing electricity efficiently.

The junction box is also where the solar panel connects to the rest of the solar power system, allowing energy to flow into the solar inverter (which converts DC to alternating current, or AC, electricity for use in homes or businesses).

Trust Hydro Solar for Innovative Energy Solutions

With decades of experience in the renewable energy sector, Hydro Solar offers more than just solar panels. We deliver complete, integrated solutions designed to meet the diverse energy needs of residential and commercial clients alike.

Fan Coil Units and Applications

Our fan coil unit options are powerful heating and cooling solutions that you can add to your energy system. Our selection includes hot water fan coil units  and ductless hydronic fan coil units that distribute temperature-controlled air evenly across rooms or larger spaces.

Hot water fan coil units use heated water from a solar thermal system or heat pump, converting it into warm air that keeps your home or business comfortable during colder months. This approach is not only energy-efficient but also reduces dependence on traditional heating systems powered by fossil fuels. 

Ductless hydronic fan coil units, on the other hand, provide a flexible and efficient option for spaces where traditional ductwork may be impractical. These units can be installed in individual rooms or specific zones, allowing precise control over heating and cooling without requiring extensive ventilation modifications.

Hydro Solar is more than a supplier—we’re your partner in creating customized solar energy systems. Use our design request form to connect with an expert who can assess your specific needs and design a system that aligns with your sustainability goals. With Hydro Solar, you gain access to top-tier products and the expertise to create an efficient, cost-effective, and resilient solar system for today and tomorrow.